This may help: I had similar problems when I was on iPhone, and they also happen on my (2) Android phones. Basically, the chromecast icon goes missing in the pandora app from time to time. I've tried force-closing the app, rebooting stuff, etc. What I found was consistently useful at bringing the icon back was (on iPhone) jumping away from the app and then back to it using the swipe-up gesture that shows all the running apps in a horizontal array. On Android it's even easier. Just touch the down-arrow on the upper-left of the Pandora now-playing screen, it reduces to a bar, showing you a list of alternative channels. Now touch that 'now-playing' bar at the bottom, and when it re-expands, the Chromecast icon reappears. After a LOT of fiddling with things to solve this, I've reached the opinion that the Pandora app is simply mis-written somehow, and fails to accurately abide some window-management or other OS semantic - they can be tricky. Your mileage (and root-cause) may vary, of course, but if this trick helps even one person not to have to spend an hour restarting routers and phones, it'll have been worth typing. (And maybe Pandora will notice and fix their app.)
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